Modes

(By George Lockwood, posted on Dec, 27th 2008)

Modes

The original model used early maladaptive schemas as the unifying framework. The most recent development has added the construct of modes. A mode refers to a part of the self that is expressed through the predominant state that we are in at a given point in time. A schema or coping style refers to a trait. A mode consists of our current mood state, as well as behaviors and cognitions. Modes are seen as existing along a continuum of dissociation. On the one end are modes that flexibly shift and blend to appropriate degrees and forms of expression as called for by the situation. Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) lies along the more dissociated end of the spectrum and is characterized by sudden unmodulated shifts from one mode to another.

Common schema modes are the Vulnerable Child, Angry Child, Detached Protector, Punitive, Critical Parent, Overcompensator, Spontaneous Child, and Healthy Adult.

Why Modes? :

The schema mode concept was originally developed in work with BPD. Many BPD patients identify with most of the 18 early maladaptive schemas. In addition there is often rapid shifting between various schemas and coping strategies. Talking with a BPD patient about all the schemas she has and attempting to track them can be overwhelming for both the patient and unwieldy for the therapist. Modes condense processes related to multiple rapidly shifting schemas and coping strategies into, in the case of BPD, five relatively simple constructs; the Vulnerable Child, Angry Child, Punitive Parent, Detached Protector and Healthy Adult. It then becomes much easier for the therapist and patient to track the rapid shifts among these five modes. It has since been found that various personality disorders are characterized by distinct constellations of modes. This will invariably include modes that serve the function of fleeing from or fighting the treatment process. The mode construct allows the therapist to ally with the healthy adult mode of the patient by joining with her in labeling and responding to problematic modes that threaten to take over the patient and the therapy.

Choosing Between the Mode and Schema Model:

When a patient has schema modes which do not overtake her, the schema model allows for greater precision in talking about themes. When modes overpower or disrupt a patient’s experience, the mode model allows for greater flexibility and leverage.